Теоретико-експериментальне обґрунтування методів підвищення точності тригонометричного та геометричного нівелювання

Abstract

З метою підвищення точності моніторингу деформацій великих інженерних споруд теоретично та експериментально доведена можливість застосування неодночасного двостороннього тригонометричного нівелювання за точністю, яка задовольняє точність геометричного II класу на лініях спостережень до 1 км. Напрацьована методика прокладання планово-висотних ходів без вимірювання висот візирних цілей та центрування приладу. Розроблено спосіб виконання геометричного нівелювання за двосторонніми спостереженнями. Сконструйовано та досліджено лабораторний зразок нівеліра-рефрактометра. Розроблена та апробована методика створення динамічної просторової моделі рефракційного поля у реальному часі. С целью повышения точности мониторинга деформаций крупных инженерных сооружений теоретически и экспериментально доказана возможность применения неодновременного двустороннего тригонометрического нивелирования которая удовлетворяет точность геометрического II класса на линиях наблюдений до 1 км. Наработана методика прокладки планово-высотных ходов без измерения высот визирных целей и центрирования прибора. Разработан способ выполнения геометрического нивелирования по двусторонним наблюдениям. Сконструирован и исследован лабораторный образец нивелира-рефрактометра. Разработана и апробирована методика создания динамической пространственной модели рефракционного поля в реальном времени. The thesis is devoted to trigonometric and geometric leveling - methods and recommendations for increasing their accuracy in modern conditions. General information on the theory of trigonometric leveling and physics of atmosphere has been worked out in the thesis, including the analysis of the modern methods of leveling has been carried out; their accuracy, drawbacks and advantages. Modern levels, rods, total stations manufactured by the leading companies of the world are characterized by digital counting fixation; using high-precision compensators, which ensure stabilization of the alignment beam with an accuracy of 0.2". This allows you to perform geometric leveling with an accuracy of 0.3 mm per 1 km of double stroke. The possibility of using non-simultaneously double-way trigonometric leveling has been theoretically and practically proven taking into account vertical refraction on the accuracy of the corresponding geometric leveling of second-order on observation lines up to 1 km. The use of non-simultaneous double-way trigonometric leveling for the determination of altitudes in polygonometers has been tested. The method of laying high-altitude traverses of trigonometric leveling without measuring the heights of the device and surveying targets has been worked out. The analysis of the basic errors of geometrical leveling has been carried out. It is shown that the problem of accounting the vertical refraction in the process of leveling remains the most unresolved for today. By analogy with trigonometric leveling, the method of double-way geometric leveling "forward-backward" has been proposed. This approach allows to improve the accuracy of geometric leveling due to control of the sum angle " - the nonhorizontality of the alignment beam and vertical refraction, which is calculated in the process of measurement on the leveling line, and to take into account the effect of vertical refraction in the measured exceedances. The proposed method accelerates the leveling by reducing the time to choose the connecting points and alignment lines. Also, this method has been proposed for the implementation of high-precision geometric leveling by traversing in one direction in two lines, in two pairs of crutches. The formula for determining the equivalent beam heights by reference to the rods and the height of the level through the leveling has been obtained. It has been proposed to use the obtained formula for the automatic calculation of the vertical refraction in the results of geometric leveling directly in the process of its implementation. For double-way geometric leveling, it has been suggested to take into account the vertical refraction at the determined equivalent heights and the measured gradient of air temperature at an altitude of 1 m, or according to the fluctuations of the counting rods using a computer of a digital level. The technique of field studies of levels has been developed to determine corrections for the non-horizontal aspect of the directional ray and the course of the focusing lens, which is recommended to key into the memory of the computer for automatic correction of the counting results, depending on the measured distance to the rod. The possibility of determining the vertical refraction based on the results of observations by a horizontal directional ray of the image of a scale in a vertical flat mirror reflector has been theoretically substantiated. The laboratory model of a geometric level-refractometer has been designed. Experimental studies of this model showed the ability to determine the vertical refraction coefficients with the boundary accuracy of 0.1 at the distance of 30 m. The application of the automating system for the implementation of geometric leveling with the consideration of vertical refraction using a level-refractometer has been proposed. The robotic electronic total stations of Leica are used for monitoring at important HPSs of Ukraine. The results of measurements by robotic total stations in the real atmosphere are distorted by errors in the radiation refraction. To reduce the magnitude of this error, a method for determining the vertical refraction and constructing a refractive field model using the correlation coefficient of refractions of different directions has been developed. The experimental researches of correlations of the observed directions have been carried out on the monitoring networks of Dniester and Kaniv HPPSs. The method of creating a dynamic refractive field model based on correlations between the directions of observation, which allows to calculate the values of vertical refractions of directions in real time, has been developed. The corrected results of measurements of zenith distances for the vertical refraction reduce the value of deviations of the calculated exceedances from the theoretical ones twice. By experiment, on the example of adjustment of control networks of Beskyd Tunnel, Dniester HPPS, Tereblia-Rikska HPS, the possibility of using the double-way trigonometric leveling with the consideration of the vertical refraction on the fluctuations of zenith distances with the accuracy of geometric leveling of second-order has been proven.