Формування оборонних споруд монастирів Західної України у XVII–XVIII століттях

Abstract

У дослідженні проводиться аналіз процесу формування оборонних споруд монастирів у Західному регіоні України. Проаналізовано та узагальнено український і закордонний досвід у сфері дослідження монастирських комплексів та теорії фортифікації, доповнено методику дослідження оборонних споруд монастирів для досягнення оптимального результату у постановці мети та завдань. Систематизовано основні передумови та чинники, що впливали на вибір та реалізацію оборонної системи обителі. Визначено основні принципи та особливості формування оборонних споруд монастирів Західної України. Розроблено рекомендації щодо збереження та експонування оборонних споруд монастирських комплексів в залежності від стану збереження. The research analyzed the formation process of defensive constructions of monasteries in Western Ukraine. The Ukrainian and foreign experience in the field of research of monastic complexes and fortifications theory was analyzed and summarized, and the research method of defensive constructions of monasteries was supplemented to achieve the optimal result in setting goals and objectives. The main preconditions and factors that influenced the choice and implementation of the monastery's defense system were systematized. In the process of work there were used such general scientific methods as: 1) bibliographical; 2) comparative-historical; 3) method of typological classification; 4) method of systematic analysis and synthesis. Professional-architectural methods include: 1) method of field studies; 2) graphical modeling; 3) architectural and compositional analysis. As the result, there were outlined seven main factors, which influenced the formation of defensive system. Three positions, such as 1) town-planning, 2) landscape factor and 3) influence factor of monastery order were related to the first group of steel factors. Four positions, such as 1) political and strategic factor, 2) economical factor, 3) factor of development of firearms and schools of fortification, 4) hierarchical factor were defined as changeable. Monasteries were studied according to the planning composition (planning of defensive buildings, configuration of defensive lines), typology (type of defensive systems and their elements), volumetric-spatial characteristics (corner elements, entrance gates, other defensive structures, building materials). As the result, there were defined eight principles of formation of defensive structures: 1) principle of town-planning subordination; 2) principle of using the features of landscape; 3) principle of influence of the Order; 4) principle of strategic expediency; 5) the principle of economic feasibility; 6) principle of hierarchical conformity; 7) principle of time correspondence of military theory and technology; 8) principle of architectural and compositional integrity. It was reveаled that monasteries of Western Ukraine in 17-18th centuries continued to use walls or low tower defense systems. Influence of European fortification schools was too weak and retarded compared to monasteries on the territory of modern Poland. Process of evolution can be traced only in individual monasteries. Downtown defensive monasteries were important urban-building elements, but were also subordinated to the city`s fortifications. The most important defensive function was played by monasteries with their own active defensive buildings. The condition of preservation of defensive buildings was investigated in two steps: 1) evaluation of technical condition; 2) evaluation of structural preservation of initial state. There were formulated three main principles of restoration depending on preservation, location and ability for functional adaptation: 1) principle of conservation; 2) principle of museumification; 3) principle of complex restoration. The choice of restoration principle must be determined by general project of monastic complex`s revalorization or regeneration. The result of the thesis is the development of recommendations for the restoration of defensive structures regarding technical and structural conservation. В исследовании проводится анализ процесса формирования оборонных сооружений монастырей в Западном регионе Украины. Проанализированы и обобщены украинский и зарубежный опыт в области исследования монастырских комплексов и теории фортификации, усовершенствовано методику исследования оборонительных сооружений монастырей для достижения оптимального результата в постановке целей и задач. Систематизированы основные предпосылки и факторы, которые влияли на выбор и реализацию оборонной системы обители. Определены основные принципы и особенности формирования оборонных сооружений монастырей Западной Украины. Разработаны рекомендации по сохранению и экспонирования оборонительных сооружений монастырских комплексов в зависимости от состояния сохранности.