Створення комплексних екологічно безпечних технологічних процесів переробки колагенвмісних відходів

Abstract

Дисертація присвячена удосконаленню існуючих, створенню нових комплексних екологічно безпечних технологічних процесів переробки колагенвмісних відходів шкіряної і рибопереробної промисловості для отримання біоматеріалів із прогнозованими властивостями, що забезпечує зменшення шкідливих викидів у навколишнє середовище. Визначені пріоритетні напрямки використання відходів та побічних продуктів шкіряної і рибопереробної промисловості для отримання колагенвмісних матеріалів різного призначення. Показані особливості переробки та утилізації колагенвмісних відходів шкіряної і рибопереробної промисловості для одержання похідних колагену. Проведені фізико-хімічні дослідження одержаних колагенвмісних матеріалів за допомогою рідинної колонкової хроматографії, ІЧ-спектроскопії, термогравіметричного і рентгенфлуоресцентного аналізу. Розроблені технологічні процеси комплексної переробки і модифікації колагенвмісних матеріалів для створення біорозкладних плівкових, волокнистих матеріалів методом електроформування чи застосування у сільському господарстві для захисної обробки насіння. Проведена еколого-економічна оцінка технологій утилізації колагенвмісних відходів рибопереробної промисловості. Livestock by-products not intended for human consumption (processed animal proteins, fats, animal feed, hides and wool) are an important source of income for the processing industry and agriculture. To ensure effective development in this sector, disposal and recycling rules should be established for the products concerned. Special attention should be paid to the processing and utilization of collagen-containing waste from the leather production, food, and fish processing industries. The dissertation is devoted to the improvement of the existing, creation of new complex ecologically safe technological processes of processing of collagen - containing wastes of leather and fish processing industries to obtain biomaterials with predicted properties, which provides reduction of harmful emissions into the environment. To achieve this goal identified priority areas for the use of waste and by-products of the leather and fish processing industry to obtain collagen-containing materials for various purposes; processing and utilization features of collagen-containing wastes of leather and fish processing industry to obtain collagen derivatives; conducted physicochemical studies of the obtained collagen-containing materials using IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric and X-ray fluorescence analysis; to determine the priority areas of their application established the amino acid composition of the obtained collagen-containing materials by liquid column chromatography; assessed the risk of environmental pollution by decomposition products of collagen-containing waste; developed technological processes of complex processing and modification of collagencontaining materials for creation of biodegradable film, electrospinned fibrous materials for application in agriculture for protective treatment of seeds; conducted an ecological and economic assessment of technologies for the utilization of collagen-containing wast from the fish processing industry. For the first time conducted comprehensive studies of collagen-containing wastes of fish processing industry (Mackerel offals), chrome-free tanned and non-tanned wastes of leather industry and proposed directions for their reuse to obtain products with high added value. Determined perspective directions of solid industrial waste management in accordance with the ecological legislation of Ukraine and the European Union. Formulated basic principles of rational use of collagen-containing solid waste: apply deep destruction only in case that all possibilities of use of fibrous structure are exhausted; for each degree of destruction provide the appropriate modification and use; Determined the influence of the nature of the enzymes on the intensification of the process of alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis of chromium-free tanned waste and the amino acid composition of the obtained hydrolyzate. Additional short-term treatment with hydrogen peroxide at elevated temperature up to 70 °C before alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis using alkaline protease, increases the degree of hydrolysis of chromium-free tanned waste by more than 20%, and the resulting hydrolyzate is balanced in amino acid composition. Variation of the methods of obtaining protein hydrolysates allows to obtain products with given properties. Depending on the content of amino acids, can be determined the area of the most efficient use of hydrolysates. Consumption of enzyme preparation ZimeSB 1.2% for the acid-enzymatic hydrolysis of non-tanned leather waste, which was carried out at an acid treatment temperature of 70°C for 6 hours, the highest total nitrogen content of 14.77 g/L. Established the principal possibility of using collagen hydrolyzate as a component of a starch-based mixture modified to obtain biocompatible polymeric nonwovens by electroforming. Biocompatible nonwovens made of polyvinyl acetate and polyvinyl alcohol were obtained using a laboratory installation of capillary electroforming of fibers with an electric field voltage of 30 kV. The optimal distance between the electrodes is 10-12 cm. The diameter of the obtained fibers veries from 0.9 to 6.6 μm. The introduction of collagen hydrolyzate from non-tanned waste into the composition of the polymer composition for pre-sowing seed treatment increases its stimulating effect due to an additional source of nitrogen. Conducted the assessment of ecological, economic, and commercial effects from the introduction of technologies for obtaining protein concentrate from food industry collagen-containing waste. Based on the quantitative parameters of the new technology of protein concentrate production, calculated the possible commercial effect of the market sale of the protein mixture, which is obtained as a result of complete processing of fish waste. It is determined that the complete processing of 48.67 thousand tons of low-value fish waste, which is annually generated in the production of fish and fish products of Ukraine, can potentially provide the production of about 33.0 thousand tons of protein mixture, the expected profit is about 363.0 million. UAH The expected commercial effect from the production of protein mixture from low-value fish waste under the above conditions will result in about UAH 244.83 million.