Інтерпретація класичного ордера в архітектурі Львова ХХ – початку ХХІ століття

Abstract

У дисертаційній роботі вивчено морфологічну зміну класичного ордера на фасадах будівель Львова ХХ – початку ХХІ ст. Вдосконалено спеціальну методику дослідження інтерпретації класичного ордера на фасадах будівель. Проаналізовано попередні дослідження ордерної системи та визначено основні етапи її розвитку в історії архітектури. Виконано натурні дослідження класичного ордера, на основі яких розроблено типологію будівель та споруд із класичним ордером та їх класифікацію, а також визначено принципи застосування ордерної системи в архітектурі Львова ХХ – початку ХХІ ст. На основі виконаних графічних моделей будівель та креслень фасадів здійснено морфологічний аналіз класичного ордера, що дало змогу виявити зміни будови ордерної системи впродовж досліджуваного періоду. У роботі визначено способи інтерпретації класичного ордера в архітектурі Львова та виявлено їхні особливості на тлі загальноєвропейської та вітчизняної практики ХХ – початку ХХІ ст. В диссертационной работе изучено морфологические изменения классического ордера на фасадах зданий Львова ХХ – начала XXI века. Разработана методика исследования интерпретации классического ордера на фасадах зданий. Проанализированы предварительные исследования ордерной системы и определены основные этапы развития классического ордера в истории архитектуры. Проведены натурные исследования ордера, на основании которых разработана типология зданий и сооружений с архитектурным ордером и классификация ордера, а также определены принципы применения ордерной системы в архитектуре Львова ХХ – начала XXI века. На основе выполненных графических моделей зданий и чертежей фасадов проведен морфологический анализ классического ордера, который позволил выявить изменения строения ордерной системы в течение исследуемого периода. В работе определены способы интерпретации классического ордера в архитектуре Львова и выявлены их особенности на фоне общеевропейской и отечественной практики ХХ – начала XXI века. The dissertation is dedicated to the study of morphological changes in architectural order applied to the facades of Lviv buildings of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The paper outlines the ways of classical order interpretation in Lviv architecture and identifies their specific characteristics as compared to the European and domestic practices of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Upon the study of changes of order characteristics throughout the course of architecture development, the following key stages in the development of classical order have been put forward: order prototype, pre-classical order, classical order, change of classical order, use of classical order and interpretation of classical order. Improvements have been introduced to the special methodology of architectural order interpretation, which is based on the typology of buildings and structures which apply classical order; order classification; determining the principles of order application; structural morphological analysis which consists of proportional analysis of the facade, analysis of order location on the facade, modular and proportional analysis of order and comparative analysis on the whole; identification of the methods of classical order interpretation on the facades of Lviv buildings of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries and their comparison with domestic and world analogs. The paper relies on the suggested typology of Lviv buildings and structures of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries which apply classical order to single out the key eatures of their architectural design. The developed order classification has been used to study the changes of the main characteristics of order. It has been established that during erection of said Lviv buildings of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries the main rules of order organization have been followed. General and specific principles of order application have been identified using the developed typology of Lviv buildings and structures with classical order of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries and the suggested order classification. Graphic models of buildings and facade drawings have been used to conduct morphological analysis of the classical order, which helps identify changes in order structure throughout the period under analysis. Proportional analysis of the facades of Lviv buildings of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries have been used to outline the main methods of proportion creation Modular analysis of order has revealed that in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries the ratio of column diameter to its height on the facades of Lviv buildings is quite often larger or smaller in comparison with Renaissance samples. The proportional analysis conducted has shown that the ratio of entablature height to pedestal changes in relation to column height and normally decreases if compared with classical samples. Thus, even though the main rules of order structure have been followed, the order is not canonical and undergoes morphological interpretation, change of proportions and adjustment to the situation and specific building. The dissertation singles out four methods for interpretation of classical order applied to the facades of Lviv buildings of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries – reproduction, academic stylization, modernized stylization and radical transformation. Order interpretation takes place on three levels – level of system, level of elements and level of details. In view of the multilayer structure of classical order, different methods of interpretation can be used on different levels for one facade. Since order is highly predisposed to interpretation in accordance with the period or specific building, it emerges as a flexible way of creating different compositions which convey different ideas and artistic meaning. Key peculiarities of classical order interpretation on the facades of Lviv buildings have been identified on the basis of comparative analysis with national and general European trends. It has been established that in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries architectural trends prevalent in Lviv were governed by the political centres, thus Lviv architecture often had features characteristic for the countries that ruled the city at the time.