Сучасні світові тенденції архітектурно-містобудівної організації мережі лікувально-профілактичних закладів

Abstract

У межах дослідження сучасних світових тенденцій у формуванні містобудівної системи закладів охорони здоров’я, у статті проаналізовано особливості архітектурно-містобудівної організації мережі лікувально-профілактичних закладів Гонконгу та Сінгапуру − світових країн-лідерів з організації охорони здоров’я сьогодення. Розглянуто категорії лікарняних закладів, особливості державного і приватного секторів надання медичної допомоги населенню країн. Розкрито містобудівні особливості формування мережі закладів охорони здоров’я.

In order to determine the latest world trends in the development of urban development and the design of architectural buildings and medical complexes, it is first necessary to refer to the 2015 ranking of countries of the world (TOR-50) according to the criteria for the effectiveness of the health system, which was compiled by Bloomberg. When calculating the country’s place in the rating, the life expectancy, the health care costs of the population, as well as changes in these indicators compared with the past years were taken into account. By the quality of public health, today Hong Kong’s leading medicine is leading the world. Hospitals in Hong Kong are divided into two main categories – public and private. The Hong Kong State Hospitals are under the control of the Hospital Management, which, in turn, is accountable to the Hong Kong Department of Health Products and Health. The feature of the Hong Kong city health organization is its general distribution into seven clusters, which include 43 state hospitals, 48 specialized outpatient clinics and 73 general outpatient clinics. The private hospital in Hong Kong has 11 general hospitals. Most of the hospitals in Hong Kong were built in the period 1960-90, the oldest (St Paul’s Hospital) in 1898, and the newest (North Lantau Hospital) in 2013. Most of the Hong Kong hospitals have a compact construction site and is a high-rise multi-storey centralized buildings One of the main hospitals in Hong Kong is the Queen Mary Hospital, built in 1937, followed by modernization in 1955 and 1983. The hospital’s Clinical Hospital is a 28-storey tower and is the highest hospital in Asia (137 m). The hospital is rated at 1,400 beds, it is the main clinical base for the University of Hong Kong Medical Faculty. The main feature of Hong Kong’s healthcare system, which brought the country to the top of the world ranking, is the timely modernization of the network of multi-profile hospitals with the introduction of advanced digital and other “smart” technologies in them, which collectively allows for the so-called “smart hospital” hospital). Singapore is the second country in the Bloomberg rating for healthcare. The Ministry of Health is responsible for the organization of public health in Singapore. Primary care is provided by general practitioners in a network of public and private institutions: in Singapore, there are 18 state polyclinics and about 1,500 private healthcare facilities. Public polyclinics provide preventive health services and health-care services. At their level, 20 % of the total demand for primary care is met, the remaining 80 % is covered by private practitioners. Outpatient treatment, aftercare after hospital discharge, immunization, diagnostic and pharmaceutical services are provided in the clinics. The Singapore Hospital has its own specifics: stateowned health facilities are divided into 2 groups: National Health Care Group and SingHealth. The network of health facilities in Singapore is represented by: 5 public hospitals; 1 state hospital psychiatric profile; 1 state children’s and women’s hospital; 13 commercial hospitals with full state participation; 9 private hospitals; 18 polyclinics; 6 national centres aimed at the treatment of cancer, eye diseases, skin, heart, dentistry and neuropathology. The capacity of 85 % of public hospitals and specialized centres varies from 185 to 2010 beds, private hospitals - usually from 20 to 345. The availability of hospital beds in Singapore according to the 2012 data is 2 per 1 thousand people, with the state clearly regulating this figure. in order to control costs. The average length of stay of patients in public hospitals was 5.8 days, the average occupancy rate was about 85 %. The latest features of Singapore’s architectural organization include the use of advanced environmental design principles. A striking example of the energy efficient design of hospitals is the two modern Ng Teng Fong hospitals (NTFGH) and Jurong (JCH), built in Singapore in 2015 by the architectural firm CPG Corporation.