Архетипи залізничних вокзалів

Abstract

Вокзали залізниць розглянуто як сформований тип будівлі, що утворює архетипи елементів та цілісної споруди. Цей образ будівлі є сталим і взаємодіє з іншими типами громадських будівель та житла.

In the article passenger facilities of the railroads are treated as a generated building type forming archetypes of elements and a complete building. This image (percept) of the building is permanent and interacts with other types of public buildings and housing. Railway stations in addition to their direct functions to provide services to passengers became a part of the image of the settlements and their architecture is a reflection of achievements and needs of science, technology, economy and social and cultural life. For a period of more than 180 year history a special type of public transport building has developed, that created its image and began to affect the formation of the architecture of other public buildings and housing. The concept of the archetype is interpreted as a prototype (pre-image), original image, idea, initial form for later formations. It has been implemented in the philosophy by K. G. Jung (the collective unconscious, 1910); in the architecture it is one of the fundamental concepts of Neo- Rationalism, where the archetype refers to the base element models (cylinder, hemisphere, square) as the basis of collective memory. Close to the archetype is the concept of image as a broad reflection in imagination, a certain ideal; Gestalt as a holistic formation, acting also in artistic sense, pattern as a schema-image, template, intermediate or sensitive concept, pattern language (eine Mustersprache) as a set of design techniques, (samples) for the solution of typical problems in architecture (Ch. Alexander), etc. It should search for the origins of these concepts in the works of psychologists, philosophers, in particular, such as R. Arnheim, W. Metzker and others; they are related to the broad research field of semiotics, architecture semiotics (U. Eco). The archetypes in architecture are presented in the work by A. S. Mukhin. In architecture there is different understanding of the archetypes: they can be considered as formed and visible basic spatial and constructive formations which possess an imprint fixed in memory. The archetype arises from the context of life and professional experience, and therefore it is always individual. However, we can talk about a kind of collective archetypes on the basis of linguistic and territorial community and memory, which outline the overall picture with all the personality of representation. A portal (entrance, door, gate), column, tower, dome, roof, as well as stairs, chamber (room) or, finally, home, temple, etc. can be archetypes in architecture. A spatial, functional, constructive, decorative element, an indivisible object (structure), etc. is the archetype. Ii is always a noun denoting a holistically perceived unit. We should distinguish the archetypes of the railroad (railroad track, railway engine) and the archetypes of the railway stations. We should understand the latter as general architectural archetypes (portal-entrance, hall, dome, tower), which are also presented in other public architecture, and as specifically architectural and railway one as train passenger platform (platform). Close to the archetypes are such symbols as acoustic signals at the stations, as well as specific smells. Finally, there is the holistic archetype of the railway station. The pavilion and the shed are formed as an independent "small" archetype of public transport developed primarily from the structure of urban public transport. It actively integrates in newest stations. 1. The archetypes of railway stations to some extent are generated by the concepts that were formed or attached to repeating spatial, functional, structural and visual categories inherent to the architecture both in general and specifically to the railroad transport. Comparison of terms from different languages enables for a better primary representation of idea and image of stations. Herewith, the archetypes of the railroad (railroad track, railway engine) are clearly distinguished from the architectural archetypes of the railway stations. 2. In the buildings of the railway stations, the "general architectural" archetypes such as an entrance, hall, dome, tower are used; and in addition to this, the archetype of railroad transport such as a platform arose, developing from a sidewalk and a landing stage-débarcadère. The building of the station itself was transformed into a stable image of the longitudinal symmetrical public building, in which the called archetypes are used. The pavilions-sheds on the platforms, taken primarily from the practice of the road kinds of urban transport, are widely used as on the remote railway stops, and within the railway stations, it is a kind of spatial and visual hierarchy of the archetypes (gradation, inclusiveness). 3. The architecture of the railway station as an archetype was developed from the mid-nineteenth century and for hundreds of years has been successfully used at varying characteristics of dimensions, designing, composition, styles, and so on. This archetype started also to influence other public architecture, as well as housing. The modern architecture of railway stations is beyond the scope of the established archetype of the railway station; active dynamic changes of spatial, technical, social development have new demands (requests) to which the answers should be found. The archetypes will be formed later.