Філософський аспект дуальності технічного та органічного в архітектурі

Abstract

Розглядається дуальна пара технічного та органічного в архітектурі як один із проявів бінарних опозицій у загальнокультурному контексті. Досліджено філо- софський аспект цього феномену та його вплив на діалектичну природу процесів морфогенезу. Охарактеризовано ознаки технічного та органічного в архітектурі різних епох, починаючи від античного періоду й закінчуючи тенденціями середини ХХ ст. Проаналізовано два напрями вирішення естетичних, художніх та інженерно-технічних проблем в архітектурному формотворенні й встановлено, який вплив ці аспекти мали на процеси морфогенезу у відповідну епоху. In the article dual pair of technical and organic aspects in architecture is considered to be a manifestation of binary opposition in general cultural process. Philosophical side of the phenomena and its influence on dialectical nature of morphogenesis process is analyzed. Features of technical and organic in architecture is characterized from antique epoch to the middle of XX century. The notion of dualism in art covers phenomena of intersection of two fundamental classes or principles, that display antagonists features, but remain in state of mutual influence. Contradiction between technical and organic aspects creates an opposition, that refers to basic principles of sense and form generation in art and architecture.Both technical and organic aspects are considered to be innate to architectural morphogenesis process, however, domination of one of the aspects is denotative for creation of artistic conceptual base, innate to every architectural style, analyzed in the article. On the one hand, technical-oriented method is noticed as tendency of emphasizing constructive perfection, focused on mathematical logic. It is claimed to be connected with appearance of industrial and urban architecture, that dominate over its surrounding, with potential of considerable environmental transformations. This method was embodied in architecture of Ancient Greece, Renaissance building tradition, in some modernists movements as Italian futurism or Russian constructivism. On the other hand, organic-oriented architectural method is considered to be founded on universal principles of self-developed form, on attempts of including laws of nature in artistic practice and on expression of natural order in artificial structures. Such styles as Gothic, expressionists movement of XX century or modern structuralist architecture are considered to be based on mimetic principles. So, specific of morphogenesis dialectic, based on technical and organic aspects of architecture, is manifested in dualistic approach, that characterizes solutions of engineering, artistic and aesthetic problems, innate to various styles and movements in аrchitecture.