Територіальний підхід до врегулювання етнополітичних сепаратистських конфліктів

Abstract

Досліджено територіальний підхід до врегулювання етнополітичних сепаратистських конфліктів, різні види територіальних механізмів. Розглянуто застосування принципу визнання етнічних відмінностей. Вивчено погляди дослідників щодо можливих негативних та позитивних наслідків застосування територіального підходу. Територіальні механізми проаналізовано відповідно до критеріїв ефективності. Ethno-political separatist conflict is a feature of modern international relations and a potential threat to global security. The number of such conflicts is growing and the danger of their aggravation remains an urgent problem, thus, studing the possibilities of solving them is an important task. The concept of ethno-political separatist conflict integrates two terms of the Western science: “self-determination, conflict” and “separatist conflict”. Such conflicts arise from the desire for self-determination, including political, cultural, national self-determination, partial (autonomy) or full secession. It is also argued that the conflict in Ukraine is not a separatist but pseudo-separatist one. Territorial approach to the settlement of ethno-political separatist conflicts can be the most effective because it is difficult to resolve such conflicts using other mechanisms: they deal only with secondary effects while it is important to solve the core problem of the conflict. U. Schneckener’s classification of mechanisms of ethno-political conflicts settlement is considered. The main attention is focused on the mechanisms of recognition of ethnic differences which include territorial solutions. The various types of territorial mechanisms, including external (requirements of independence and unification with another state (by S. Wolff), secession, dissolution (by U. Schneckener)) and internal (autonomy, federation) are studied., The scientists’ views on the ability of territorial approach to solve ethno-political conflicts are considered. The possible negative (H. Hale, P. Roeder, D. Treisman) and positive (T. Gurr, S. Saideman, D. Rothchild, C. Hartzell) consequences of territorial approach application are studied. Territorial mechanisms are also analyzed according to the criteria of efficiency. Territorial approach aims at eliminating causes of ethno-political separatist conflicts that is why it can be effective in their settlement and enable to remove tension between parties. However, today territorial mechanisms are used insufficiently. Typically, one party of the conflict tries to avoid their use or provides insufficient level of self-government for another party. Therefore, it is necessary to involve supranational institutions as objective participants of a conflict in the process of settlement.